Bulbar palsy

Paralysis of the IX, X, XI, and XII cranial nerves and the muscles they innervate resulting in dysphagia and dysarthria is called bulbar palsy. Bulbar palsy, also known as bulbar paralysis, is divided into nuclear and infranuclear types (true bulbar palsy, referred to simply as bulbar palsy) and supranuclear type (pseudobulbar palsy). The common clinical feature of both types is the "three difficulties," namely difficulty in speech, difficulty in phonation, and difficulty in swallowing.