Senile heart failure

Heart failure in the elderly is a very common pathological manifestation in clinical practice and is a syndrome of cardiac dysfunction caused by various heart diseases. It refers to a condition in which, under normal venous blood return, due to decreased myocardial contractility and/or diastolic dysfunction, the cardiac output is absolutely or relatively lower than the metabolic needs of the body's tissues, leading to abnormalities in hemodynamics and neuro-humoral activity. Clinically, various symptoms and signs may appear, including insufficient arterial system perfusion and pulmonary and/or systemic venous congestion. From a hemodynamic perspective, due to cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction, the intracardiac pressure is higher than normal (left ventricular end-diastolic pressure or left ventricular filling pressure > 2.4 kPa; right ventricular end-diastolic pressure or right ventricular filling pressure > 1.3 kPa), which constitutes heart failure, also known as cardiac insufficiency.