Upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding refers to bleeding caused by lesions in the digestive tract above the ligament of Treitz, including the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, or pancreaticobiliary system. Bleeding from jejunal lesions after gastrojejunostomy also falls within this scope. Massive bleeding refers to a blood loss exceeding 1000 ml or 20% of circulating blood volume within a few hours, with main clinical manifestations of hematemesis and/or melena, often accompanied by acute peripheral circulatory failure due to reduced blood volume. It is a common emergency with a mortality rate as high as 8%–13.7%, presenting with hematemesis and hematochezia. In the past decade, with the widespread use of emergency endoscopy, selective celiac angiography, and radionuclide 99mTc abdominal scanning, the bleeding site and etiology can generally be rapidly diagnosed.