Massive hemorrhage from gastric and duodenal ulcers

Bleeding from gastric and duodenal ulcers is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, accounting for more than 50% of cases. Patients present with hematemesis and tarry black stools, leading to a significant decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, increased pulse rate, decreased blood pressure, and the appearance of pre-shock symptoms or a state of shock. The treatment principles are to replenish blood volume, prevent and manage hemorrhagic shock, identify the bleeding site as soon as possible, and take effective hemostatic measures.