Nephropathy

Nephrotic syndrome, abbreviated as nephrosis, is a syndrome mainly characterized by increased permeability of the glomerular basement membrane. It can be caused by various etiologies, and its clinical features are massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and generalized edema. This disease is relatively common in pediatric kidney diseases and is divided into two major categories: primary nephrotic syndrome and secondary nephrotic syndrome. Primary nephrotic syndrome can be further divided into three types: simple nephropathy, nephritic nephropathy, and congenital nephropathy. Simple nephropathy is the most common type in children, accounting for more than 80% of childhood nephrotic syndrome; the age of onset for this type is mostly 2-7 years, and the prognosis is good. Nephritic nephropathy is more common in children over 7 years old, has a poorer prognosis, and often tends to cause renal failure. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) refers to a group of clinical symptoms, including massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. Clinical features: three highs and one low, namely massive proteinuria (≥3.5g/d), edema, hyperlipidemia, and low plasma protein (≤30g/L). In severe cases, there may be serous cavity effusion and anuria. The organs of the human body maintain dynamic balance between the internal environment and the external environment. If various internal and external pathogenic factors disrupt the body's balance, leading to dysfunction of the organs and qi and blood, and the disease affects the kidneys, it causes the development of kidney disease. Nephropathy can be divided into primary nephropathy, secondary nephropathy, and congenital nephropathy. Primary nephropathy is caused by kidney disease itself, accounting for more than 90%; secondary nephropathy is caused by diseases outside the kidneys, such as Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis B-associated nephritis, etc.; congenital nephropathy is mostly related to genetic diseases and is rare.