chronic renal failure

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) refers to a clinical syndrome composed of a series of symptoms and metabolic disorders caused by progressive, irreversible decline in renal function due to various kidney diseases, until loss of function, abbreviated as chronic renal failure. It manifests as a clinical syndrome of irreversible loss of renal function and metabolic disorders caused by continuous progression and aggravation of the disease, and is also one of the more common conditions in nephrology. Its pathological features mainly include glomerulosclerosis and tubular atrophy. As a common and relatively difficult-to-treat clinical condition, CRF mainly manifests clinically as disturbances in water, electrolyte, acid-base metabolism, and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins, often accompanied by complications involving the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, bones, blood system, and neuromuscular system. Patients may develop obvious anorexia, vomiting, weakness and fatigue, chest tightness, decreased exercise tolerance, cerebral edema, abnormal glucose metabolism, and other symptoms that can be life-threatening. The treatment of chronic renal failure mainly aims to control the primary disease and protect the function of residual nephrons. Renal dialysis and kidney transplantation are generally used to reduce or completely relieve the patient's clinical symptoms, but due to the high cost of treatment and significant side effects, there is still no method that fundamentally improves or restores renal function.