Emphysema

Emphysema, also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema, is a disease characterized by decreased elasticity of the airways distal to the terminal bronchioles (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli), overdistension accompanied by destruction of the airspace walls, reduced pulmonary elasticity, and increased lung volume. This condition is a chronic irreversible disease with a prolonged course, primarily manifested by progressive dyspnea, and has a high disability rate. Clinically, emphysema is classified into senile emphysema, compensatory emphysema, interstitial emphysema, focal emphysema, paraseptal emphysema, and obstructive emphysema. The pathogenesis of emphysema has not yet been fully elucidated, and it is generally believed to result from the synergistic action of multiple factors. Exertional dyspnea, dyspnea, chest tightness, chest oppression and breathlessness, shortness of breath, post-exertional breathlessness, barrel chest, and diminished breath sounds are its main symptoms. Diagnosis can be made based on medical history, physical examination, X-ray examination, and pulmonary function testing. Emphysema is currently incurable, so prevention is particularly important. Smoking cessation is the top priority, followed by keeping warm, avoiding exposure to cold, and preventing colds. Improving environmental hygiene, ensuring proper personal occupational protection, and eliminating or avoiding the effects of smoke, dust, and irritating gases on the respiratory tract are also essential.