cerebral hemorrhage

Cerebral hemorrhage refers to primary non-traumatic hemorrhage within the brain parenchyma, also known as spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. It accounts for approximately 20%–25% of all cerebrovascular diseases, with an acute-phase mortality rate as high as 30%–40%. Its disability and mortality rates rank first among all cerebrovascular diseases. Cerebral hemorrhage was originally more common in the elderly, but in recent years, the incidence in young people has been gradually increasing, which is related to the rising prevalence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Among the causes of cerebral hemorrhage in young people, hypertension, cerebral vascular malformations, and tumor apoplexy are the most common, with the basal ganglia being the predominant bleeding site. The main risk factors include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The onset of cerebral hemorrhage is usually acute, and the condition progresses rapidly. Due to compression of brain tissue by the hematoma, patients may develop neurological deficits and symptoms and signs related to increased intracranial pressure within a short period, including severe headache, somnolence and coma, slowed reaction, motor dysfunction, sensory dysfunction, and nausea and vomiting. Routine treatment for cerebral hemorrhage includes intravenous infusion of 20% mannitol, followed by blood pressure control to maintain blood pressure at the pre-hemorrhage level, and symptomatic supportive treatment. For patients with large hemorrhage volume and surgical indications, surgical treatment is recommended and yields good results. At the same time, it should be noted that because the nervous system has poor tolerance to sustained cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, most patients have varying degrees of neurological impairment after treatment, such as disturbances in emotional, sensory, cognitive, and motor functions, which may even affect the patient's quality of daily life and activity ability. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to adopt effective measures to regulate the patient's healthy lifestyle behaviors after treatment, which is conducive to the recovery of emotional, sensory, cognitive, and motor functions.